Saturday, April 12, 2008

CAREER DEVOLPMENT








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Career Development

  • Career: sum total of the work-related experiences through a person’s life.

  • Linear career: person moves through a sequence of jobs of higher levels.

  • Can build different experience in different positions.
  • Steady State career: worker chooses to keep the same kind of job over much of a career.

  • Become highly skilled in a given area.
  • Spiral Career: worker holds fundamentally different jobs that still build on each other.

  • Worker gains wide experience yet skills continue to build.

Career Stages

Career Stages:

  • Preparation for Work: decide on kind of career, determine qualifications needed.

  • Organizational entry: find a “first” job.

  • Managers usually start in a functional area first.
  • Early career: establishes person in the firm and begins achievement.

  • Worker learns firm’s values and duties.
  • Also begins to achieve noteworthy results in the job.
  • Worker tries to stand out as a good performer.
  • Mentors (experienced manager who shows you the ropes) are valuable during this stage.

Stages, cont.

  • Mid-career: usually have been in workforce 20-35 years.

  • Usually provides major accomplishments.
  • Career plateaus can occur as chances for further promotion dwindle.

  • Plateau managers can still enjoy a fruitful career.
  • Late career: continues as long as the manager works and is active.

  • Many managers choose to stay active well past normal retirement.

Career Management

Managers need to consider both personal career management as well as the careers of other workers in the firm.

  • Ethical practice: managers need to ensure worker promotions are based on outcomes, not friendships.

  • This means all workers are treated equally.
  • Accommodation of other demands: Workers have many things in their lives besides work. Managers need to consider these issues as well.

  • The dual career couple is the norm.
  • Workers have family commitments.


PERCEPTION


Perceptions
Perception is the process through which people select, organize and interpret input.
Manager’s decisions are based on their perception.
Managers need to ensure perceptions are accurate.
Managers are all different and so are their perceptions of a situation.
Perceptions depend on satisfaction, moods, and so forth.
A manager’s past experience can influence their outlook on a new project.
Good managers try not to prejudge new ideas based on the past.

values ans attitudes


#1 Set a major goal, but follow a path

Values

  • Values: describe what managers try to achieve through work and how to behave.

  • These are personal convictions about life-long goals (terminal values) and modes of conduct (instrumental values).

  • A person’s value system reflects how important their values are as a guiding principle in life.

  • Terminal values important to managers include:

  • Sense of Accomplishment, equality, self-respect.
  • Instrumental values include:

  • hard-working, broadminded, capable.

Terminal and Instrumental Values

Attitudes

  • Attitudes: collection of feelings about something.

  • Job Satisfaction: feelings about a worker’s job.

  • Satisfaction tends to rise as manager moves up in the organization.
  • Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: actions not required of managers but which help advance the firm. Managers with high satisfaction perform these “extra mile” tasks.
  • Organizational Commitment: beliefs held by people toward the organization as a whole.
  • Committed managers are loyal and proud of the firm.
  • Commitment can differ around the world.

Moods

  • Moods: encompass how a manager feels while managing.

  • Positive moods provide excitement, elation and enthusiasm.

  • Negative moods lead to fear, stress, nervousness.

  • Moods can depend on a person's basic outlook as well as on current situations.
  • Managers need to realize how they feel affects how they treat others and how others respond to them.

  • Workers prefer to make suggestions to mangers who are in “a good mood”.

personality


#1 Set a major goal, but follow a path


  • “The dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment” - Gordon Allport.

  • Determinants :

  • Heredity

  • Environment

  • Situation.

Personality traits

  • Myers Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI):

  • 16 primary traits:

  • Reserved vs. out going,

  • Less Intelligent vs. More intelligent.

  • Affected by feelings vs . Emotional stable

  • Submissive

  • Serious

  • Timid

The big five model - MBTI

  • Extroversion

  • Agreeableness

  • Conscientiousness

  • Emotional stability

  • Openness to experience.

Machiavellianism

  • Degree to which an individual is pragmatic , maintains emotional distance and believes that ends can justify means.

Type A and B personalities

  • Type A:

  • Aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or other persons.

Type B

  • “Rarely harried by the desire to obtain a wildly increasing number of things or participate in an endless growing series of events in an ever decreasing amount of time”

Personality Traits

  • Personality Traits: Characteristics that influence how people think, feel and behave on and off the job.

  • Include tendencies to be enthusiastic, demanding, easy-going, nervous, etc.

  • Each trait can be viewed on a continuum, from low to high.

  • There is no “wrong” trait, but rather managers have a complex mix of traits.

The Big Five Traits:

The Big Five

  • Extroversion: people are positive and feel good about themselves and the world.

  • Managers high on this trait are sociable, friendly.
  • Negative Affectivity: people experience negative moods, are critical, and distressed.

  • Managers are often critical and feel angry with others and themselves.
  • Agreeableness: people like to get along with others.

  • Managers are likable, and care about others.
  • Conscientiousness: people tend to be careful, persevering.

  • Openness to Experience: people are original, with broad interests.

Traits and Managers

  • Successful managers vary widely on the “Big Five”.

  • It is important to understand these traits since it helps explain a manager’s approach to planning, leading, organizing, etc.

  • Managers should also be aware of their own style and try to tone down problem areas.
  • Internal Locus of Control: People believe they are responsible for their fate.

  • See their actions are important to achieving goals.
  • External Locus of Control: People believe outside forces are responsible for their fate.

  • Their actions make little difference in achieving outcomes.
  • Managers need an Internal Locus of Control!

Other Traits

  • Self-Esteem: Captures the degree to which people feel good about themselves and abilities.

  • High self-esteem causes people to feel they are competent, and capable.

  • Low self-esteem people have poor opinions of themselves and abilities.

  • Need for Achievement: extent to which people have a desire to perform challenging tasks and meet personal standards.

  • Need for Affiliation: the extent to which people want to build interpersonal relationships and being liked.

  • Need for Power: indexes the desire to control or influence others.




Saturday, April 5, 2008

PERSONALITY ENRICHMENT


STUDY SKILLS




No two people study the same way, and there is little doubt that what works for one person may not work for another. However, there are some general techniques that seem to produce good results. No one would argue that every subject that you have to take is going to be so interesting that studying it is not work but pleasure. We can only wish.

Everyone is different, and for some students, studying and being motivated to learn comes naturally. If you are reading this page, it's likely that you are not one of them, but don't despair, there is hope! Your success in high school and college is dependent on your ability to study effectively and efficiently. The results of poor study skills are wasted time, frustration, and low or failing grades. It's your life, your time, and your future. All I can say, upon reflection of many years as a teacher, is that time is precious and not to be squandered, no matter what you believe right now.

This guide is designed to help you develop effective study skills. It is not a magic formula for success in preparing for tests, or written or oral assignments. Studying any material requires work! However, by using the techniques described in this guide, and by applying yourself, you can gain a valuable edge in understanding material, preparing for tests, and, ultimately, learning. This guide contains some of the best and most effective techniques of successful students - students who typically have high grades in high school and college regardless of the courses they take. So read on, think about what you read, and prepare to become a successful student! If you have questions, comments or suggestions, please send to me.

Effective Study skills are about more than understanding

Effective study skills must be practiced in order for you to improve. It is not enough to simply "think about" studying; you have to actually do it, and in the process use information from what you do to get better. This is the central idea of this page. All that follows depends on this single concept. There is a saying that goes like this: "Practice doesn't make perfect; perfect practice makes perfect." If you want to be an achiever, take this saying to heart.

The value of a schedule

Before you even begin to think about the process of studying, you must develop a schedule. If you don't have a schedule or plan for studying, then you will not have any way of allocating your valuable time when the unexpected comes up. A good, well thought out schedule can be a lifesaver. It's up to you to learn how develop a schedule that meets your needs, revise it if necessary, and most important, follow it.

A schedule saves time

All schedules should be made with the idea that they can be revised. A good schedule keeps you from wandering off course. A good schedule, if properly managed, assigns time where time is needed, but you've got to want to do it!

Making every hour count

A schedule should take into account every class, laboratory, lecture, social event, and other work in which you engage. There are givens such as classes and so on that have to be incorporated. You must focus on the other "free time" available and how you will use it. Make a weekly schedule and block off the 24 hour day in one hour increments. Indicate times for classes, labs, lectures, social, and work time. Also block off a period for sleeping each day. With what is left over, plan time for study. This gives you a rough road map of the time available. Of course, you can revise your schedule as circumstances warrant.

When to study

The problem of when to study is critical. A good rule of thumb is that studying should be carried out only when you are rested, alert, and have planned for it. Last minute studying just before a class is usually a waste of time.

Studying for lecture courses

If your study period is before the lecture class, be sure you have read all the assignments and made notes on what you don't understand. If the study period is after the lecture class, review the notes you took during class while the information is still fresh.

Studying for recitation courses

For classes that require recitation, such as foreign language, be sure to schedule a study period just before the class. Use the time to practice. Sometimes, practice with others can help sharpen your skills in a before-class study period.

Making and revising a schedule

Don't be afraid to revise your schedule. Schedules are really plans for how you intend to use your time. If your schedule doesn't work, revise it. You must understand that your schedule is to help you develop good study habits. Once you have developed them, schedule building becomes easier.


The Process of Study

How to use your time

Time is the most valuable resource a student has. It is also one of the most wasted of resources. The schedule you develop should guide you in how to allocate the available time in the most productive manner. Sticking to your schedule can be tough. Don't dribble away valuable time. Avoiding study is the easiest thing in the world. It's up to you to follow the schedule you prepared. A good deal of your success in high school or college depends on this simple truth.

Where to study

You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study lounges or private rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be distracting. Distractions can build up, and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a part of your study habits.


Strategies

Thinking skills

Everybody has thinking skills, but few use them effectively. Effective thinking skills cannot be studied, but must be built up over a period of time. Good thinkers see possibilities where others see only dead-ends. If you're not a good thinker, start now by developing habits that make you ask yourself questions as you read. Talk to other students who you feel are good thinkers. Ask them what it is they do when they think critically or creatively. Often times, you can pick up valuable insights to help you become a better thinker.

The SQ3R method

The SQ3R method has been a proven way to sharpen study skills. SQ3R stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review. Take a moment now and write SQ3R down. It is a good slogan to commit to memory to carry out an effective study strategy.

Survey - get the best overall picture of what you're going to study BEFORE you study it an any detail. It's like looking at a road map before going on a trip. If you don't know the territory, studying a map is the best way to begin.

Question - ask questions for learning. The important things to learn are usually answers to questions. Questions should lead to emphasis on the what, why, how, when, who and where of study content. Ask yourself questions as you read or study. As you answer them, you will help to make sense of the material and remember it more easily because the process will make an impression on you. Those things that make impressions are more meaningful, and therefore more easily remembered. Don't be afraid to write your questions in the margins of textbooks, on lecture notes, or wherever it makes sense.

Read - Reading is NOT running your eyes over a textbook. When you read, read actively. Read to answer questions you have asked yourself or questions the instructor or author has asked. Always be alert to bold or italicized print. The authors intend that this material receive special emphasis. Also, when you read, be sure to read everything, including tables, graphs and illustrations. Often times tables, graphs and illustrations can convey an idea more powerfully than written text.

Recite - When you recite, you stop reading periodically to recall what you have read. Try to recall main headings, important ideas of concepts presented in bold or italicized type, and what graphs charts or illustrations indicate. Try to develop an overall concept of what you have read in your own words and thoughts. Try to connect things you have just read to things you already know. When you do this periodically, the chances are you will remember much more and be able to recall material for papers, essays and objective tests.

Review - A review is a survey of what you have covered. It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish, not what you are going to do. Rereading is an important part of the review process. Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the process. During review, it's a good time to go over notes you have taken to help clarify points you may have missed or don't understand. The best time to review is when you have just finished studying something. Don't wait until just before an examination to begin the review process. Before an examination, do a final review. If you manage your time, the final review can be thought of as a "fine-tuning" of your knowledge of the material. Thousands of high school and college students have followed the SQ3R steps to achieve higher grades with less stress.

Reading

A primary means by which you acquire information is through reading. In college you're expected to do much more reading than in high school. Don't assume just because you've "read" the assignments that is the end of it. You must learn to read with a purpose. In studying, you may read the same assignment three or four times, each time with a different purpose. You must know before you begin reading what your purpose is, and read accordingly.

Getting the Main Idea

Getting the main idea in reading is central to effective studying. You must learn what the author's central idea is, and understand it in your own way. Every paragraph contains a main idea. Main ideas are perfect for outlining textbooks. Make it a habit to find the main idea in each paragraph you read.

Extracting Important Details

Extracting important details means that you locate in your reading the basis for main ideas. There is usually one important detail associated with every main idea. The more important details you can identify, the easier it will be to review for examinations because you have made a link between an idea and information that supports it. The more links you can make between details and ideas, as well as ideas themselves, the more powerful will be the efforts of your study.

Don't Read Aloud to Yourself

Generally, reading aloud to yourself does not help you study more effectively. If you move your lips while you read, you're not reading efficiently. If you read aloud or move your lips while you're reading, you are reading slowly, so stop moving your lips. Try putting a finger over your lips. Your finger will remind you not to move your lips. Make an effort to read faster and retain more - after a while, you'll be surprised how little effort it will take.

Taking Notes

Like reading, note-taking is a skill which must be learned and refined. Almost invariably, note taking, or the lack of it, is a constant deficiency in the study methods of many high school and college students. Learning the ingredients of good note taking is rather easy; applying them to your own situation depends on how serious you are in becoming a successful student.

Where to Keep Notes

You must learn to keep notes logically and legibly. Remember, if you can't read your own writing a few days after taking notes, they are of little use. By all accounts, the best place to keep notes is in a loose-leaf notebook. Use dividers to separate the different classes you take. Make it a habit of using your notebook to record ALL your notes. If you're caught without your notebook and need to take notes, always have a supply of loose-leaf paper with you. Insert your note papers into the notebook as soon as you can. Be sure to buy a good notebook, as it will get a lot of wear and tear.

Outlining Textbooks

First of all, don't underline. Use a highlighter. Experience has shown that text passages highlighted are more easily remembered than the same passages underlined. In outlining a text, don't just read along and highlight what seem to important words. That technique rarely works. The act of outlining works much better.

Taking Lecture Notes

Surveying, Questioning, Listening

Taking accurate and concise lecture notes is essential. Develop the habit of taking notes using appropriate methods described earlier in the SQ3R technique. For example, when you listen to a lecture, formulate questions as you listen. Your main job in taking lecture notes is to be a good listener. To be a good listener, you must learn to focus and concentrate on the main points of the lecture. Get them down, and then later reorganize them in your own words. Once you have done this, you have set the stage for successful reviewing and revising.

Reviewing and Revising

As you prepare for examinations, tests, or other assessments, you should spend time reviewing and revising your lecture notes. Begin the process by reviewing your notes right after a lecture. If you wait too long, you may discover that the notes just don't make sense. Don't hesitate to revise your notes based on the review process.

Research Notes

Any form of note-taking that requires compilation of information by categories, rather than in narrative form is best done using index cards. You can sort, edit and arrange index cards to suit your particular study needs. The most important point in using cards is to indicate the correct reference or topic at the top of the card. Use the cards for study, review, to help organize information for papers, reports, or projects. An even better idea, if you have a personal computer, is to organize your categorical information in a database. Once you set it up, finding, updating and adding new information is quite easy. If you have a printer, you can print out your notes in a variety of ways.


Taking Examinations

Objective Examinations

Surveying

Survey any objective examination to find out what types of questions are being asked. Surveying helps you to know what to expect.

Knowing the Ground Rules

Always read directions! Indicate your answers exactly the way the directions state. Make sure your answers are clear. Determine what the scoring rules for the test are and follow them to your advantage. For example, if wrong answers are penalized, don't guess unless you can reduce the choices to two.

Answering Easy Questions First

Answering easy (to you) questions first is the best strategy. If you stumble over difficult questions for too long a time, you may not be able to complete the exam.

Picking out Key Words

Objective examination questions usually contain one or more key words. A key word or group of words are those on which the truth or falsity of a statement hinges. Learn to spot the key words in the statement that define the meaning. If a statement contains two clauses, one of which is false, the whole statement is false. Usually, two-statement true-false questions are either both true or both false.

Reading Multiple-Choice Questions

Multiple choice questions are essentially true-false questions arranged in groups. Usually, only one alternative is correct. Your job is to pick the alternative that is more nearly true than the others. Read multiple-choice questions the same way as for true-false. Eliminate obvious false choices.

Reading Other Types of Questions

The methods used to answer true-false and multiple choice questions apply to matching questions as well. Always scan the entire list of alternatives before matching any. As in the other types of questions, try to identify key words in each list and test them. Completion questions require you to provide a word or phrase. When you encounter completion questions, choose your words carefully. If you don't know the answer, give it your best guess, as often times such responses get at least partial credit.

Essay Examinations

Planning your time in answering essay questions is more important than in objective type tests. The general rule is not to get carried away on one or two questions to the extent that you cannot answer that other questions in the time allowed. Read through the entire examination first. Get a feel for the questions you are expected to answer. If the exam allows you to choose from a number of questions, be sure to number your answers exactly to match the questions.

When you follow directions for an essay exam, pay attention to the key words the instructor has included. Such words as "list," "describe," "compare and contrast," and "outline" have special meaning. Don't "write around" the question but answer it directly. If a question asks you to list something, don't write a narrative about it. Answering essay questions directly is always the best policy.

After scanning the list of questions to be answered, choose the ones you know most about. A good idea is to prepare an outline of your answers. The outline will help you remember important ideas and facts to be included in your response. Another technique is to do a "memory-dump." This technique is discussed in the last section of this guide, "Power Study Tips."

Good handwriting is an absolute essential. If your cursive writing is very hard to read, try printing instead. Most instructors value clear handwriting. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling also count. Well-written grammatically correct answers almost always receive higher grades than poorly written grammatically incorrect answers, even though the answers themselves are the same.


Writing Themes and Reports

Reviewing the Topic

Students usually have some freedom to choose the subject of themes or reports. When you make this choice, be sure that the topic is acceptable to the teacher, and is as interesting to you as possible. Another consideration is that of availability of resource material. Your task is made much easier when there is a good amount of reference and resource material available.

Using Correct Punctuation and Grammar

As in writing essays questions, good grammar and punctuation are a must. Most students use word processors to write papers. Be sure to use the spell checker that almost all word processors have built in. Many word processors also have some sort of grammar checker. Learn to use a grammar checker, as it can point out serious flaws in your writing and help you become a better writer. Most grammar checkers explain the grammar rules that apply to the suggested corrections to your writing.

Gathering Materials Before You Write

Before you begin writing, assemble the materials you will need. Use index cards, notes, bibliographies, summaries, reports and reviews as part of your preparation process. Using index cards for references is an excellent way to organize your materials. Computer database programs can also help you classify and organize reference materials.

Preparing an Outline and Writing the Paper

Once you have your topic, have gathered and organized your materials, it is time to outline your paper. Put your outline on paper! Don't make the mistake of trying to keep everything in your head. Make your outline in the form of main headings or ideas with sub-headings fleshing out the flow of the paper. Using the outline as a guide begin writing begin by asking yourself what the paper is going to say and what conclusions you want to reach. Doing this ahead of time will help keep you focused and prevent you from straying from the purpose of the paper. Making up the outline as you go along almost always results in a less than satisfactory product. Writing is important in high school and is a key to success in college and in many professions. Become a good writer by writing, revising, and reviewing your work. Don't be afraid to ask other students to critique your work. Try to write in your own natural style, be aware that most good writers go through many revisions, and be prepared to do the same. Writing and test-taking are the end results of developing good study skills. There is no magic formula for success. If you follow the suggestions in this guide, apply them and think about them, you'll have taken a giant step toward becoming a successful student.


Power Studying Tips for College Students

The following tips have proven to be extremely powerful guides for organizing, thinking, studying, and learning in college. They represent the best advice of successful college students. The can also work for high school students.

Study Space

Tip: Your study space should be as quiet and comfortable as possible. Avoid studying in noisy places such as cafeterias, recreation rooms, or lounges.

Tip: When studying, keep a waste basket handy.

Tip: Have a consistent place for everything, and above all, keep it there!

Tip: Have everything needed for study handy beforehand. Don't waste valuable time looking for books, notes, of other information. After you have assembled the items you need, put them where you can reach them easily.

Study Habits

Tip: Begin study no less than 30-90 minutes after a meal.

Tip: Never study within 30 minutes of going to sleep.

Tip: Prioritize! Make a list of what you intend to study, prioritize the list, and stick to it!

Tip: If possible, study no more than 30-40 minutes at a stretch. Many students retain more by studying for short periods with breaks in between. It all depends on what you're trying to study, but generally, after a period of study, take a break.

Tip: Take study breaks away from your desk or wherever you are studying. Let the break be a time to think about other things. Use some break time to reflect, not constantly review what you have just studied.

The Classroom

Tip: Distractions in the classroom are deadly. To help avoid distractions, sit near the front of the class. You're less likely to miss something important, and there are far less distractions at the front than any other location.

Tip: Think! Thinking is one of the most important things you can do in class. If you just sit there passively, and not think, class can be deadly. Think about what the teacher is saying BEFORE writing down anything. Writing down each word is a WASTE OF TIME. Reorganize in your mind what the teacher says, and then write it down. This way you will be connecting the teacher's words with HOW you think. If you do this, your notes will make a lot more sense later on.

Tip: Pay attention to the course outline or syllabus. Generally, important points and materials are referenced here and repeated. Don't be afraid to ask the teacher if there is something you don't understand. Most teachers will be glad to clarify for you.

Preparing for Class

Tip: Efficient students do not underline! Underlining is not a productive way to emphasize textbook material. It's best to use a highlighter.

Tip: Read the table of contents of your texts carefully. If the textbooks have chapter summaries, read them first! If you don't understand the material from the summaries, go back and highlight. Take notes on what you have highlighted and review your notes. Tip: Break study material into short segments of length dependent on its difficulty. Remember, concise notes are more powerful than copious notes. Think about the material! Then take notes on what you don't know or are not sure of.

Test Taking

Tip: For essay examinations, try the "memory dump" technique. If permitted, write down everything you've memorized - facts, names, dates, ideas, events, and so on BEFORE you do anything else. Sometimes reading through the essay questions can distract you from what you've studied. The "memory dump" technique requires that you write down everything possible BEFORE you begin writing essay answers. This way, you are less likely to forget something important.

A Final Word

The study skills presented here depend on one thing, and that is your willingness to WANT to improve and do well in school. If you really don't want to make the effort and sacrifice, no amount of suggestions, ideas, or outlines can help much. You are the one who is responsible for your education, and effective study skills can help you. To that end, one last word of advice -- work smart, not hard.

If you have discovered an effective way to study that is not listed here, please let me know. I value your assistance. Send to Dr. Bob Kizlik Email

I would like to thank all who order Lesson Planning: From Writing Objectives to Selecting Instructional Programs, as well as books, music, electronics, DVDs, software, and household items from AMAZON.COM through ADPRIMA. By doing so, you help support the operation and maintenance of this site.

Bob Kizlik


MANAGEMENT BLOGS PAYS SINCERE THANKS TO WWW.ADPRIMA.COM,WWW.TEACHERPARADISE.COM

Friday, April 4, 2008

RESEARCH PROCESS






TIME MANAGEMENT




ABC ANALYSIS-PARETO

Friday, March 21, 2008

10 Assumptions that Kill Success



1. I KNOW EXACTLY WHAT'S GOING ON
Warning! If you find yourself saying/thinking this, it's time to stop and ask a few more questions. Invariably, the moment we think we see everything is usually when we have the smallest field of vision. Recheck your facts, get more information, and then proceed.

2. I HAVE A FOOLPROOF PLAN
No plan is foolproof. (At best, you might have a plan that is "fool resistant".) Consider as many worst-case scenarios and "what-ifs" as time will allow.

3. I DON'T NEED (or CAN'T GET) HELP
Few people in history have created success solely on their own. A second opinion, a spare set of hands, and a fresh perspective seldom go amiss... And they are all much easier to find than you think. Just check your local library, college, or telephone directory to get started.

4. I DON'T HAVE THE EDUCATION
It's ideas put to action that create success, not diplomas, so stop using this to delay getting started. If you absolutely must have formal "education" there are plenty of ways to get it. These other ways may not be traditional, but they can be just as effective.

5. I DON'T HAVE THE MONEY
Not having the money NOW does not mean you cannot GET the money in the future. Focus on how you can save, earn, or borrow what you need.

6. I DON'T HAVE THE TIME
Actually, you have all the time in the world. You may need to reschedule some things, change priorities, and/or stop doing other things, but you'll never have more time than you do right now.

7. I AM TOO OLD (OR NOT OLD ENOUGH)
You're only "too old" when you're dead. And if you're worried about not being "old enough," then trust me, you're old enough.

8. I AM BEING UNREALISTIC
Some of the greatest successes ever are the ones that were thought the least realistic. Dream big. Be bold. Let the critics debate whether it's realistic or not while you make it happen.

9. I DON'T DESERVE TO BE SUCCESSFUL
Really? Why not just go ahead and find out? I think you'll be pleasantly surprised to discover that you're wrong.

10. NOBODY UNDERSTANDS WHAT I AM TRYING TO DO
Maybe nobody you know now, but take a look around and you'll find a world full of wonderful people who are, each and every one of them, struggling to create success their own way.

Open up and share your dreams with them and you'll soon find more supporters than you can count!

Sunday, March 16, 2008

BODY LANGUAGE


Body language is a term for communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language or other communication. It forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human communication that are not verbal language. This includes the most subtle of movements that many people are not aware of, including winking and slight movement of the eyebrows. In addition body language can also incorporate the use of facial expressions.

Although they are generally not aware of it, many people send and receive non-verbal signals all the time. These signals may indicate what they are truly feeling. The technique of 'reading' people is used frequently. For example, the idea of mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in interviews. It sets the person being interviewed at ease. Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are understood.

Body language signals may have a goal other than communication. Both people would keep this in mind. Observers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signallers clarify their signals to indicate the biological origin of their actions.

  • One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can also indicate that the person's arms are cold which rubbing the arms or huddling would clarify. When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking deeply about what is being discussed. But in a serious or confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression often indicates outright hostility. Such a person is not an ally, and may be considering contentious tactics.
  • Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to "take his eyes off" the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without discomfort. Eye contact is often a secondary and misleading gesture because we are taught from an early age to make eye contact when speaking. If a person is looking at you but is making the arms-across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that something is bothering the person, and that he wants to talk about it. Or if while making direct eye contact a person is fiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere.
  • Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. So is eyestrain, or itchiness. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period.
  • Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener.
  • Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact.

It should be noted that some people (e.g., people with certain disabilities, or those on the autistic spectrum) use and understand body language differently, or not at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial expressions (or lack thereof) in the context of normal body language usually leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations (especially if body language is given priority over spoken language). It should also be stated that people from different cultures can interpret body language in different ways.


How prevalent is Non verbal Behaviour?

Some researchers put the level of nonverbal communication as high as 80 percent of all communication. More reasonably it could be at around 50-65 percent. That’s exactly what Mehrabian discovered in his communication study. He found that only 7 percent of communication comes from spoken words, 38 percent is from the tone of the voice, and 55 percent comes from body language. In basic terms, if you aren’t conscious of what is happening nonverbally, then you are missing out on the vast majority of what is going on during a typical conversation.


Personal Space as it Relates to Body Language

Generally, if you are closer than arm’s reach, than you are in someone’s personal space. To create more space in crowded areas such as elevators and bars, people often tense up and use their arms as protection. They will hold them close to their body – often crossed – and will also avoid eye contact. People guard their intimate space passionately, wherever it is, and do not appreciate other's invading it. Respecting people’s intimate space involves not invading it with objects like bags or jackets, or with body parts unless they are welcomed. Intimate space is closer then 18 inches, social is at around 18 inches - 5 feet and casual (for strangers) is at 5-10 feet.


Female Interest and Body Language

Women commonly display to men via sexual cues. These serve to entice men to approach them. Some of the cues to signal female interest include: the parade, echoing and mirroring, room encompassing glance, pointing, leg crossing, the pointing knee, pigeon toes, neck touching, head tilt, shoulder shrugs, rotation of the pelvis, showing wrist, skirt hike, laughing and smiling, the tap, forehead bow, eye contact, touching, childlike playfulness and proximity.


The Rule of Four

The rule of four states that in order to be sure that another person is unequivocally displaying non-verbal sexual interest, four separate positive signals must be present simultaneously and they must be directed at you. A person who is simply sexually aroused might display one or a great variety of cues, but they might be generally directed toward a room and not at anyone specifically.

CHANAKYA- A MANAGEMENT GURU


The popularly known and reverred Chanakya is also known as Kautilya, the author of Arthaśhāstra, or rather The Arthashastra identifies its author by the name Kautilya. He is also reffered to by the name Vishnugupta. He is known for his wisdom, and his teachings in statesmanship is unparalleled.


For those who don’t know, Chanakya was an Indian politician, strategist and writer, 350 BC 75 BC.
‘A person should not be too honest.
Straight trees are cut first and Honest people are victimised first.’

‘Even if a snake is not poisonous, it should pretend to be venomous.’

‘The biggest guru-mantra is: Never share your secrets with anybody. ! It will destroy you.’

‘There is some self-interest behind every friendship.

There is no Friendship without self-interests. This is a bitter truth.’

‘Before you start some work, always ask yourself three questions - Why am I doing it, What the results might be and Will I be successful. Only when you think deeply and find satisfactory answers to these questions, go ahead.’

‘As soon as the fear approaches near, attack and destroy it.’

‘Once you start a working on something, don’t be afraid of failure and don’t abandon it.

People who work sincerely are the happiest.’
‘The fragrance of flowers spreads only in the direction of the wind.

But the goodness of a person spreads in all direction.’

‘A man is great by deeds, not by birth.’

‘Treat your kid like a darling for the first five years.
For the next five years, scold them.

By the time they turn sixteen, treat them like a friend.

Your grown up children are your best friends.’
‘Books are as useful to a stupid person as a mirror is useful to a blind person.’
‘Education is the best friend.

An educated person is respected everywhere.

Education beats the beauty and the youth.’

FORMS OF BUSINESS

Saturday, March 15, 2008

e-comerce system



SEVEN STRONG PILLARS OF ANY BUSINESS

A strong foundation is the key to any successful business.

Your vision, your commitment, your purpose - all from the basis for an
organisation.

They are the all-important pillars, the most essential part of any building.

In his groundbreaking Arthashastra, Chanakya lists seven pillars for an
organisation :

“The King, The Minister, The Country, The Fortified City, The Treasury, The Army
and The Ally are the constituent elements of the state”

Let us now take a closer look at each of them:

THE KING (The leader)

All great organisations have great leaders. The leader is the visionary, the
captain, the man who guides the organisation. In today’s corporate world we call
him the Director, CEO, etc. Without him we will loose direction.

THE MINISTER (The manager)

The manager is the person who runs the show - the second-in-command of an
organisation. He is also the person whom you can depend upon in the absence of
the leader. He is the man who is always in action. An extra ordinary leader and
an efficient manager together bring into existence a remarkable organisation.

THE COUNTRY (Your market)

No business can exist without its market capitalisation. It is the area of your
operation. The place from where you get your revenue and cash flow. You
basically dominate this territory and would like to keep your monopoly in this
segment.

THE FORTIFID CITY (Head office)

You need a control tower - a place from where all planning and strategies are
made. It’s from here that your central administrative work is done. It’s the
nucleus and the center of any organisation.

THE TREASURY

Finance is an extremely important resource. It is the backbone of any business.
A strong and well-managed treasury is the heart of any organisation. Your
treasury is also your financial hub.

THE ARMY (Your team)

When we go to war, we need a well-equipped and trained army. The army consists
of your team members. Those who are ready to fight for the organisation. The
salesmen, the accountant, the driver, the peon - all of them add to your team.